Method to design for thickening time using cementitious blend composition

ABSTRACT

A method of designing a cement slurry may include: (a) selecting at least a cement and concentration thereof, water and concentration thereof, and, optionally, at least one supplementary cementitious material and a concentration thereof, such that a cement slurry comprising the cement, the water, and, if present, the at least one supplementary cementitious material, meet a density requirement; (b) calculating a thickening time of the cement slurry using a thickening time model; (c) comparing the thickening time of the cement slurry to a thickening time requirement, wherein steps (a)-(c) are repeated if the thickening time of the cement slurry does not meet or exceed the thickening time requirement, wherein the selecting comprises selecting different concentrations and/or different chemical identities for the cement and/or the supplementary cementitious material than previously selected, or step (d) is performed if the thickening time of the cement slurry meets or exceeds the thickening time requirement; and preparing the cement slurry.

BACKGROUND

In well cementing, such as well construction and remedial cementing, cement compositions are commonly utilized. Cement slurries may be used in a variety of subterranean applications. For example, in subterranean well construction, a pipe string (e.g., casing, liners, expandable tubulars, etc.) may be run into a well bore and cemented in place. The process of cementing the pipe string in place is commonly referred to as “primary cementing.” In a typical primary cementing method, a cement slurry may be pumped into an annulus between the walls of the well bore and the exterior surface of the pipe string disposed therein. The cement slurry may set in the annular space, thereby forming an annular sheath of hardened, substantially impermeable cement (i.e., a cement sheath) that may support and position the pipe string in the well bore and may bond the exterior surface of the pipe string to the subterranean formation. Among other things, the cement sheath surrounding the pipe string functions to prevent the migration of fluids in the annulus, as well as protecting the pipe string from corrosion. Cement slurries also may be used in remedial cementing methods, for example, to seal cracks or holes in pipe strings or cement sheaths, to seal highly permeable formation zones or fractures, to place a cement plug, and the like.

A particular challenge in well cementing is the development of satisfactory thickening time in a cement slurry within a reasonable time period after placement in the subterranean formation. Oftentimes several cement slurries with varying additives are tested to see if they meet the material engineering requirements for a particular well. The process of selecting the components of the cement slurry are usually done by a best guess approach by utilizing previous slurries and modifying them until a satisfactory solution is reached. The process may be time consuming and the resulting slurry may be complex. Furthermore, the cement components available in any one particular region may vary in slurry from those of another region thereby further complicating the process of selecting a correct slurry.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These drawings illustrate certain aspects of some of the embodiments of the present disclosure and should not be used to limit or define the disclosure.

FIG. 1 illustrates a method to design for thickening time.

FIG. 2 illustrates introduction of a cement slurry into a wellbore.

FIG. 3 is a parity plot for a cement thickening time test.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure may generally relate to cementing methods and systems. More particularly, embodiments may be directed to designing cement slurries based at least partially on thickening time model.

Cement slurries may contain cement, supplementary cementitious additives, inert materials, and chemical additives. A cement slurry for use in cementing wellbores is typically mixed at a wellbore pad site using cement mixing equipment and pumped into the wellbore using cement pumps. After the cement slurry is mixed, there is a time lag between when the cement is in a liquid state and when the cement begins to set. As the cement slurry begins to set, the slurry gradually becomes more viscous until fully set. There may be an upper limit of viscosity beyond which the cement slurry becomes too viscous to pump. In general, the upper limit of viscosity is typically defined to be when the fluid has a consistency of greater than 70 Bearden units of consistency (“Bc”). However, there may be other considerations where the cement slurry would be considered unpumpable and thus a Bc value of 30, 50, 70, 100, or any other value may be selected as being “unpumpable.” To determine the consistency or Bc value of a cement slurry, an atmospheric or a pressurized consistometer may be used in accordance with the procedure for determining cement thickening times set forth in API RP Practice 10B-2, Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements, First Edition, July 2005. The time to reach the selected Bearden units of consistency is reported as thickening time. It is often a design criteria for a cement slurry to have a long enough thickening time such that there is enough time to pump the required volume of cement into the wellbore while also not having too long of a thickening time where there is excessive downtime from waiting on the cement to set. The thickening time for a cement slurry may be a function of pressure, temperature, density of the cement slurry, and composition of the cement slurry.

A thickening time model may account for pressure, temperature, density, and chemical composition of a cement slurry. The thickening time model may include two main components, the first being effects of water on thickening time and the second being effects of composition on thickening time. The first component is generally a function of the density of the cement slurry which may be controlled by varying the amount the amount of water that is added to a dry cement blend to produce the cement slurry. The second component is generally a function of the chemical identity of the components that make up the cement slurry and their corresponding mass fractions in the cement slurry.

At a given temperature, a thickening time model may include two main components, a component that models thickening time of the blend of cementitious components along with inerts, and a component that models thickening time of cement additives. Equation 1 is a general model equation for thickening time where TT is the thickening time which is a function of TT_(b) which is a component that models thickening time of the blend of cementitious components, and of TT_(a) which is a component that models thickening time of cement additives. TT=ƒ(TT _(a) ,TT _(b))  Equation 1

A thickening time model of the blend of cementitious components may account for pressure, temperature, ramp rate, density, and chemical composition of a cement slurry. The models thickening time of the blend of cementitious components may include two main components, the first being effects of water on thickening time and the second being effects of composition on thickening time. The first component is generally a function of the density of the cement slurry which may be controlled by varying the amount the amount of water that is added to a dry cement blend to produce the cement slurry. Further the type or source of water may affect the thickening time as dissolved ions in the water may interact with the cement components and additives. For example, a cement composition prepared with sea water may be expected to have a different thickening time than a cement composition prepared with fresh water. The second component is generally a function of the chemical identity of the components that make up the cement slurry and their corresponding mass or volume fractions in the cement slurry.

A relationship between water and thickening time may be expressed as a power law function as in equations 2 and 3. Equation 2 shows that the thickening time is proportional to the amount of water used in the preparing of the cement slurry. In equation 2,

$\frac{water}{blend}$ is a mass or volume ratio of water to the other components in the cement slurry such as Portland cement, supplementary cementitious materials and inert materials, and n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water of the blend where n may be a constant or a function of the blend materials. In some instances, n may also be a function of the type of water. To determine n, two cement slurries at different densities may be mixed and the thickening time may be analyzed using laboratory methods. Thereafter, equation 2 or 3 may be used to calculate the value of n for the water. Equation 3 shows an alternate form of the relationship between water and thickening time as a function f comprising a polynomial. Other forms of function f may be log, exponential, power law, trigonometric, integral, differential, or combinations thereof.

$\begin{matrix} {{TT}\;{\alpha\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 2} \\ {{TT}\;\alpha\;{f\left( {\frac{water}{blend} + \left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)^{2} + \ldots}\mspace{14mu} \right)}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 3} \end{matrix}$

A relationship between the effects of water on thickening time may be an exponential relationship as shown in equation 4. While only two forms for the effect of water on thickening time are described below, the effect of water on thickening time may be expressed in any suitable manner such as a logarithmic model, integral model, derivative model, or any other suitable model.

$\begin{matrix} {{TT}\;\alpha\;{e\left( {n\frac{water}{blend}} \right)}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 4} \end{matrix}$

A relationship describing effects of composition on thickening time may be a linear combination of individual contributions from each cement component as shown in equation 5. In equation 5, x_(i) and x_(j) are the mass fraction of component i and j, respectively, in the cement blend and β_(1i), β_(1i), β_(2i), etc are model parameters which characterize reactivity of component i and j, or interaction between component i and j. Components may be any cement components such as cementitious materials as well as inert materials which do not contribute to cement reactions. For some components, β may be constant, whereas for other components β may be depended upon temperature and pressure, for example. β for any component may be experimentally determined. TTαΣ _(i) x _(i)β_(1i)+Σ_(i)Σ_(j) x _(i) x _(j)β_(1ij)+Σ_(i) x _(i) ²β_(2i)  Equation 5

An alternate form of a relationship describing effects of composition on thickening time may be an exponential relationship as shown in equation 6. TTαe ^(Σ) ^(i) ^(x) ^(i) ^(β) ^(1i) ^(+Σ) ^(i) ^(Σ) ^(j) ^(x) ^(j) ^(β) ^(1ij) ^(+β) ^(i) ^(Σ) ^(i) ^(x) ^(i) ² ^(β) ^(2i)   Equation 6

Another form of a relationship describing the effects of composition on thickening time may be integrated with the effects of water as shown in equation 7.

$\begin{matrix} {{TT}\;{\alpha\left( \frac{water}{{\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{1i}}} + {\sum\limits_{i}{\sum\limits_{j}{x_{i}x_{j}\beta_{1ij}}}} + {\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}^{2}\beta_{2i}\mspace{14mu}\ldots}}} \right)}^{n}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 7} \end{matrix}$

A relationship describing effect of inert materials on thickening time may be a linear combination of volume fractions of different orders, as described in Equation 8.

$\begin{matrix} {{TT} \propto \left\lbrack {{V_{0}\left( \frac{V_{inerts}}{V_{solids}} \right)} + {V_{1}\left( \frac{V_{inerts}}{V_{solids}} \right)}^{2} + {\ldots\mspace{14mu}.}} \right\rbrack} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 8} \end{matrix}$ In equation 8, V_(inerts) is the volume of inert materials the blend, V_(solids) is the volume of all the particulate materials including cementitious materials, supplementary cementitious materials, additives, and inert materials. V₀ and V₁ are model parameters which are dependent upon the physical and or chemical identity of the inert material. Inert materials may be any materials which do not participate in cementitious reactions such as, without limitation, weighting materials and loss circulation materials, for example. Another relationship of inert materials on thickening time may be linear combination of mass fractions of different orders as shown in equation 9.

$\begin{matrix} {{TT} \propto \left\lbrack {{M_{0}\left( \frac{M_{inerts}}{M_{solids}} \right)} + {M_{1}\left( \frac{M_{inerts}}{M_{solids}} \right)}^{2} + {\ldots\mspace{14mu}.}} \right\rbrack} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 9} \end{matrix}$ In equation 9, M_(inerts) is the mass of inert materials the blend, M_(solids) is the mass of all the particulate materials including cementitious materials, supplementary cementitious materials, additives, and inert materials. M₀ and M₁ are model parameters which are dependent upon the physical and chemical identity of the inert material. Using equations 2-9 a number of models of thickening time of the blend (TT_(b)) may be derived. A generalized thickening time model of the blend is illustrated in equation 10. In equation 10, TT₀ is a thickening time of a Portland cement at a reference temperature, pressure, and mass fraction of water in the cement slurry. In general, the mass fraction of water to cement for TT₀ is taken to be 1:1. The correction factor in equation 10 is a function of effects of water on thickening time and the effects of composition on thickening time and the effects of inert materials. In the simplest case where a cement slurry is prepared using only Portland cement and water, equation 11 may be used to model the thickening time. In equation 11, n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water of the Portland cement where n may be a constant or a function of the mass ratio Portland cement in the cement slurry. The constant n may be determined by mixing slurries at different water to Portland ratios and measuring the change in thickening time using a consistometer.

$\begin{matrix} {{TT_{b}} = {TT_{0} \times {Correctrion}\mspace{14mu}{Factor}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 10} \\ {{TT}_{b} = {T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{portland} \right)}^{n}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 11} \end{matrix}$

In a more typical case where a cement slurry is prepared with Portland cement, supplementary cementitious materials, and inert materials, equation 12 may be used to model the thickening time.

$\begin{matrix} {{TT_{b}} = {T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n} \times \left( {\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}} \right)}} & {{Equation}\mspace{20mu} 12} \end{matrix}$

If there are interactions between the components of the cement slurry, equation 13 may be used to model the thickening time.

$\begin{matrix} {{TT_{b}} = {T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n} \times \left( {\left( {\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}} \right) + \left( {\sum\limits_{i}{\sum\limits_{j}{x_{i}x_{j}\beta_{ij}}}} \right) + \ldots}\mspace{14mu} \right)}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 13} \end{matrix}$

In the thickening time models above β_(i) and β_(ij) are model parameters which characterize reactivity of component i and j, or interaction between component i and j. For some components, β may be constant, whereas for other components β may be depended upon temperature and pressure, for example. β for any component may be experimentally determined. One method of obtaining β_(i) for a cement component may be to select a Portland cement with a known or measured TT₀ where TT₀ is measured at a reference temperature, pressure, and density. Thereafter a volume of the cement component whose β_(i) is unknown may be mixed with the selected Portland cement and water to the reference density. A thickening time test may be performed at the reference temperature and pressure and any of equations 9-11 may be used to determine the β_(i) value for the cement component.

There may be other methods to determine β_(i) including measuring physico-chemical properties of the materials and correlating the physico-chemical properties to β_(i). For example, measuring physico-chemical properties of a cement component may include many analytical techniques and procedures including, but not limited to, microscopy, spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence, particle size analysis, water requirement analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, surface area, specific gravity analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, morphology analysis, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, electron energy mass spectrometry, dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, auger electron spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma analysis, thermal ionization mass spectroscopy, glow discharge mass spectroscopy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, mechanical property testing, Young's Modulus testing, rheological properties, Poisson's Ratio. One or more of the proceeding tests may be consider API tests, as set forth in API RP Practice 10B-2, Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements, First Edition, July 2005.

Once the analytical techniques have been performed on the cement components, the data may be categorized and correlated. Some categories may include, but are not limited to, specific surface area, morphology, specific gravity, water requirement, etc. In some examples, the components may be categorized by relative amounts, including amount of at least one following: silica, alumina, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, oxides thereof, and combinations thereof. For example, the components may be categorized based on an oxide analysis that includes without limitation, silica content, calcium oxide content, and alumina content among other oxides that may be present in the cement component. In addition, correlations between the cement components may be generated based on the data or categorization of the data. Additionally, correlations may be defined or generated between properties of the cement components based on the data. For example, the various categories of properties may be plotted against one another. In some examples, water requirement versus specific surface area may be plotted. Accordingly, the water requirement of the cement component may be correlated to the specific surface area so that the specific surface area is a function of water requirement. Specific surface area may be used to predict reactivity of a cement component (or components). However, specific surface area may not always be available for each material as specific surface area analysis typically requires a specialized instrument. Accordingly, if the water requirement may be obtained for the cement component, the correlation between water requirement and specific surface area may be used to obtain an estimate for specific surface area, which may then be used to predict reactivity. In addition to correlations between specific surface area and reactivity, correlations may also be made between specific surface area and other mechanical properties such as tensile strength and Young's modulus. Other correlations include oxide content to reactivity such that for a given oxide analysis, a reactivity β_(i) may be calculated.

FIG. 1 illustrates a method 100 of using the models of thickening time discussed above. Method 100 may begin at step 102 where bulk material availability such as cement, supplementary cementitious materials, and cement additives available may be defined. Bulk material availability is typically location dependent whereby some geographic locations may have access to bulk materials that other geographic locations do not. Further, bulk materials such as mined materials and cements may vary across geographic locations due to differences in raw materials for manufacturing and manufacturing methods, as well as natural variations among deposits of mineable minerals across geographic locations. After defining materials available, method 100 may proceed to steps 104 and 106. In step 104, a proposed cement composition may be selected which may include cement components and mass fractions thereof. The cement components may include any one of a cement, a supplementary cementitious additive, an inert material, and/or a chemical additive defined in step 102. In step 106, engineering parameters of the cement may be selected which may include temperature, density, and required thickening time. From step 106, method 100 may proceed to step 110. In step 110 the thickening time of the proposed cement composition may be calculated using any of the above thickening time models. For example, equation 7 may be used with a selected effect of water on thickening time from equations 1-2 and the effect of composition on thickening time from equations 3-6. In examples where a cement component is selected in step 104 for which a β_(i) value is not known, the unknown β_(i) value may be calculated in step 112 using any of the above mentioned methods. From step 110, method 100 may proceed to step 116 where the calculated thickening time from step 110 may be compared to the required thickening time defined in step 106. If the calculated thickening time is not within tolerance of the required thickening time, method 100 may proceed back to step 104 where a second proposed cement composition may be selected which may include disparate cement components and/or disparate mass fractions thereof. If the calculated thickening time is within tolerance of the required thickening time, method 100 may proceed to step 120. In step 120, the proposed cement composition may be prepared, and the thickening time measured to verify that the cement composition has the required thickening time.

Cement compositions described herein may generally include a hydraulic cement and water. A variety of hydraulic cements may be utilized in accordance with the present disclosure, including, but not limited to, those comprising calcium, aluminum, silicon, oxygen, iron, and/or sulfur, which set and harden by reaction with water. Suitable hydraulic cements may include, but are not limited to, Portland cements, pozzolana cements, gypsum cements, high alumina content cements, silica cements, and any combination thereof. In certain examples, the hydraulic cement may include a Portland cement. In some examples, the Portland cements may include Portland cements that are classified as Classes A, C, H, and G cements according to American Petroleum Institute, API Specification for Materials and Testing for Well Cements, API Specification 10, Fifth Ed., Jul. 1, 1990. In addition, hydraulic cements may include cements classified by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) in C150 (Standard Specification for Portland Cement), C595 (Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cement) or C1157 (Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cements) such as those cements classified as ASTM Type I, II, or III. The hydraulic cement may be included in the cement composition in any amount suitable for a particular composition. Without limitation, the hydraulic cement may be included in the cement compositions in an amount in the range of from about 10% to about 80% by weight of dry blend in the cement composition. For example, the hydraulic cement may be present in an amount ranging between any of and/or including any of about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, or about 80% by weight of the cement compositions.

The water may be from any source provided that it does not contain an excess of compounds that may undesirably affect other components in the cement compositions. For example, a cement composition may include fresh water or saltwater. Saltwater generally may include one or more dissolved salts therein and may be saturated or unsaturated as desired for a particular application. Seawater or brines may be suitable for use in some examples. Further, the water may be present in an amount sufficient to form a pumpable slurry. In certain examples, the water may be present in the cement composition in an amount in the range of from about 33% to about 200% by weight of the cementitious materials. For example, the water cement may be present in an amount ranging between any of and/or including any of about 33%, about 50%, about 75%, about 100%, about 125%, about 150%, about 175%, or about 200% by weight of the cementitious materials. The cementitious materials referenced may include all components which contribute to the compressive strength of the cement composition such as the hydraulic cement and supplementary cementitious materials, for example.

As mentioned above, the cement composition may include supplementary cementitious materials. The supplementary cementitious material may be any material that contributes to the compressive strength of the cement composition. Some supplementary cementitious materials may include, without limitation, fly ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume, pozzolans, kiln dust, and clays, for example.

The cement composition may include kiln dust as a supplementary cementitious material. “Kiln dust,” as that term is used herein, refers to a solid material generated as a by-product of the heating of certain materials in kilns. The term “kiln dust” as used herein is intended to include kiln dust made as described herein and equivalent forms of kiln dust. Depending on its source, kiln dust may exhibit cementitious properties in that it can set and harden in the presence of water. Examples of suitable kiln dusts include cement kiln dust, lime kiln dust, and combinations thereof. Cement kiln dust may be generated as a by-product of cement production that is removed from the gas stream and collected, for example, in a dust collector. Usually, large quantities of cement kiln dust are collected in the production of cement that are commonly disposed of as waste. The chemical analysis of the cement kiln dust from various cement manufactures varies depending on a number of factors, including the particular kiln feed, the efficiencies of the cement production operation, and the associated dust collection systems. Cement kiln dust generally may include a variety of oxides, such as SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, CaO, MgO, SO₃, Na₂O, and K₂O. The chemical analysis of lime kiln dust from various lime manufacturers varies depending on several factors, including the particular limestone or dolomitic limestone feed, the type of kiln, the mode of operation of the kiln, the efficiencies of the lime production operation, and the associated dust collection systems. Lime kiln dust generally may include varying amounts of free lime and free magnesium, lime stone, and/or dolomitic limestone and a variety of oxides, such as SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, CaO, MgO, SO₃, Na₂O, and K₂O, and other components, such as chlorides. A cement kiln dust may be added to the cement composition prior to, concurrently with, or after activation. Cement kiln dust may include a partially calcined kiln feed which is removed from the gas stream and collected in a dust collector during the manufacture of cement. The chemical analysis of CKD from various cement manufactures varies depending on a number of factors, including the particular kiln feed, the efficiencies of the cement production operation, and the associated dust collection systems. CKD generally may comprise a variety of oxides, such as SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, CaO, MgO, SO₃, Na₂O, and K₂O. The CKD and/or lime kiln dust may be included in examples of the cement composition in an amount suitable for a particular application.

In some examples, the cement composition may further include one or more of slag, natural glass, shale, amorphous silica, or metakaolin as a supplementary cementitious material. Slag is generally a granulated, blast furnace by-product from the production of cast iron including the oxidized impurities found in iron ore. The cement may further include shale. A variety of shales may be suitable, including those including silicon, aluminum, calcium, and/or magnesium. Examples of suitable shales include vitrified shale and/or calcined shale. In some examples, the cement composition may further include amorphous silica as a supplementary cementitious material. Amorphous silica is a powder that may be included in embodiments to increase cement compressive strength. Amorphous silica is generally a byproduct of a ferrosilicon production process, wherein the amorphous silica may be formed by oxidation and condensation of gaseous silicon suboxide, SiO, which is formed as an intermediate during the process

In some examples, the cement composition may further include a variety of fly ashes as a supplementary cementitious material which may include fly ash classified as Class C, Class F, or Class N fly ash according to American Petroleum Institute, API Specification for Materials and Testing for Well Cements, API Specification 10, Fifth Ed., Jul. 1, 1990. In some examples, the cement composition may further include zeolites as supplementary cementitious materials. Zeolites are generally porous alumino-silicate minerals that may be either natural or synthetic. Synthetic zeolites are based on the same type of structural cell as natural zeolites and may comprise aluminosilicate hydrates. As used herein, the term “zeolite” refers to all natural and synthetic forms of zeolite.

Where used, one or more of the aforementioned supplementary cementitious materials may be present in the cement composition. For example, without limitation, one or more supplementary cementitious materials may be present in an amount of about 0.1% to about 80% by weight of the cement composition. For example, the supplementary cementitious materials may be present in an amount ranging between any of and/or including any of about 0.1%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, or about 80% by weight of the cement.

In some examples, the cement composition may further include hydrated lime. As used herein, the term “hydrated lime” will be understood to mean calcium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the hydrated lime may be provided as quicklime (calcium oxide) which hydrates when mixed with water to form the hydrated lime. The hydrated lime may be included in examples of the cement composition, for example, to form a hydraulic composition with the supplementary cementitious components. For example, the hydrated lime may be included in a supplementary cementitious material-to-hydrated-lime weight ratio of about 10:1 to about 1:1 or 3:1 to about 5:1. Where present, the hydrated lime may be included in the set cement composition in an amount in the range of from about 10% to about 100% by weight of the cement composition, for example. In some examples, the hydrated lime may be present in an amount ranging between any of and/or including any of about 10%, about 20%, about 40%, about 60%, about 80%, or about 100% by weight of the cement composition. In some examples, the cementitious components present in the cement composition may consist essentially of one or more supplementary cementitious materials and the hydrated lime. For example, the cementitious components may primarily comprise the supplementary cementitious materials and the hydrated lime without any additional components (e.g., Portland cement, fly ash, slag cement) that hydraulically set in the presence of water.

Lime may be present in the cement composition in several forms, including as calcium oxide and or calcium hydroxide or as a reaction product such as when Portland cement reacts with water. Alternatively, lime may be included in the cement composition by amount of silica in the cement composition. A cement composition may be designed to have a target lime to silica weight ratio. The target lime to silica ratio may be a molar ratio, molal ratio, or any other equivalent way of expressing a relative amount of silica to lime. Any suitable target time to silica weight ratio may be selected including from about 10/90 lime to silica by weight to about 40/60 lime to silica by weight. Alternatively, About 10/90 lime to silica by weight to about 20/80 lime to silica by weight, about 20/80 lime to silica by weight to about 30/70 lime to silica by weight, or about 30/70 lime to silica by weight to about 40/63 lime to silica by weight.

Other additives suitable for use in subterranean cementing operations also may be included in embodiments of the cement composition. Examples of such additives include, but are not limited to: weighting agents, lightweight additives, gas-generating additives, mechanical-property-enhancing additives, lost-circulation materials, filtration-control additives, fluid-loss-control additives, defoaming agents, foaming agents, thixotropic additives, and combinations thereof. In embodiments, one or more of these additives may be added to the cement composition after storing but prior to the placement of a cement composition into a subterranean formation. In some examples, the cement composition may further include a dispersant. Examples of suitable dispersants include, without limitation, sulfonated-formaldehyde-based dispersants (e.g., sulfonated acetone formaldehyde condensate) or polycarboxylated ether dispersants. In some examples, the dispersant may be included in the cement composition in an amount in the range of from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the cementitious materials. In specific examples, the dispersant may be present in an amount ranging between any of and/or including any of about 0.01%, about 0.1%, about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, or about 5% by weight of the cementitious materials.

In some examples, the cement composition may further include a set retarder. A broad variety of set retarders may be suitable for use in the cement compositions. For example, the set retarder may comprise phosphonic acids, such as ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid), diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid), etc.; lignosulfonates, such as sodium lignosulfonate, calcium lignosulfonate, etc.; salts such as stannous sulfate, lead acetate, monobasic calcium phosphate, organic acids, such as citric acid, tartaric acid, etc.; cellulose derivatives such as hydroxyl ethyl cellulose (HEC) and carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC); synthetic co- or ter-polymers comprising sulfonate and carboxylic acid groups such as sulfonate-functionalized acrylamide-acrylic acid co-polymers; borate compounds such as alkali borates, sodium metaborate, sodium tetraborate, potassium pentaborate; derivatives thereof, or mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable set retarders include, among others, phosphonic acid derivatives. Generally, the set retarder may be present in the cement composition in an amount sufficient to delay the setting for a desired time. In some examples, the set retarder may be present in the cement composition in an amount in the range of from about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the cementitious materials. In specific examples, the set retarder may be present in an amount ranging between any of and/or including any of about 0.01%, about 0.1%, about 1%, about 2%, about 4%, about 6%, about 8%, or about 10% by weight of the cementitious materials.

In some examples, the cement composition may further include an accelerator. A broad variety of accelerators may be suitable for use in the cement compositions. For example, the accelerator may include, but are not limited to, aluminum sulfate, alums, calcium chloride, calcium nitrate, calcium nitrite, calcium formate, calcium sulphoaluminate, calcium sulfate, gypsum-hemihydrate, sodium aluminate, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium silicate, sodium sulfate, ferric chloride, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the accelerators may be present in the cement composition in an amount in the range of from about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the cementitious materials. In specific examples, the accelerators may be present in an amount ranging between any of and/or including any of about 0.01%, about 0.1%, about 1%, about 2%, about 4%, about 6%, about 8%, or about 10% by weight of the cementitious materials.

Cement compositions generally should have a density suitable for a particular application. By way of example, the cement composition may have a density in the range of from about 8 pounds per gallon (“ppg”) (959 kg/m³) to about 20 ppg (2397 kg/m³), or about 8 ppg to about 12 ppg (1437. kg/m³), or about 12 ppg to about 16 ppg (1917.22 kg/m³), or about 16 ppg to about 20 ppg, or any ranges therebetween. Examples of the cement compositions may be foamed or unfoamed or may comprise other means to reduce their densities, such as hollow microspheres, low-density elastic beads, or other density-reducing additives known in the art.

The cement slurries disclosed herein may be used in a variety of subterranean applications, including primary and remedial cementing. The cement slurries may be introduced into a subterranean formation and allowed to set. In primary cementing applications, for example, the cement slurries may be introduced into the annular space between a conduit located in a wellbore and the walls of the wellbore (and/or a larger conduit in the wellbore), wherein the wellbore penetrates the subterranean formation. The cement slurry may be allowed to set in the annular space to form an annular sheath of hardened cement. The cement slurry may form a barrier that prevents the migration of fluids in the wellbore. The cement composition may also, for example, support the conduit in the wellbore. In remedial cementing applications, the cement compositions may be used, for example, in squeeze cementing operations or in the placement of cement plugs. By way of example, the cement compositions may be placed in a wellbore to plug an opening (e.g., a void or crack) in the formation, in a gravel pack, in the conduit, in the cement sheath, and/or between the cement sheath and the conduit (e.g., a micro annulus).

Reference is now made to FIG. 2 , illustrating use of a cement slurry 200. Cement slurry 200 may comprise any of the components described herein. Cement slurry 200 may be designed, for example, using the thickening time models describe herein. Cement slurry 200 may be placed into a subterranean formation 205 in accordance with example systems, methods and cement slurries. As illustrated, a wellbore 210 may be drilled into the subterranean formation 205. While wellbore 210 is shown extending generally vertically into the subterranean formation 205, the principles described herein are also applicable to wellbores that extend at an angle through the subterranean formation 205, such as horizontal and slanted wellbores. As illustrated, the wellbore 210 comprises walls 215. In the illustration, casing 230 may be cemented to the walls 215 of the wellbore 210 by cement sheath 220. In the illustration, one or more additional conduits (e.g., intermediate casing, production casing, liners, etc.), shown here as casing 230 may also be disposed in the wellbore 210. As illustrated, there is a wellbore annulus 235 formed between the casing 230 and the walls 215 of the wellbore 210. One or more centralizers 240 may be attached to the casing 230, for example, to centralize the casing 230 in the wellbore 210 prior to and during the cementing operation. The cement slurry 200 may be pumped down the interior of the casing 230. The cement slurry 200 may be allowed to flow down the interior of the casing 230 through the casing shoe 245 at the bottom of the casing 230 and up around the casing 230 into the wellbore annulus 235. The cement slurry 200 may be allowed to set in the wellbore annulus 235, for example, to form a cement sheath that supports and positions the casing 230 in the wellbore 210. While not illustrated, other techniques may also be utilized for introduction of the cement slurry 200. By way of example, reverse circulation techniques may be used that include introducing the cement slurry 200 into the subterranean formation 205 by way of the wellbore annulus 235 instead of through the casing 230. As it is introduced, the cement slurry 200 may displace other fluids 250, such as drilling fluids and/or spacer fluids that may be present in the interior of the casing 230 and/or the wellbore annulus 235. While not illustrated, at least a portion of the displaced fluids 250 may exit the wellbore annulus 235 via a flow line and be deposited, for example, in one or more retention pits. A bottom plug 255 may be introduced into the wellbore 210 ahead of the cement slurry 200, for example, to separate the cement slurry 200 from the fluids 250 that may be inside the casing 230 prior to cementing. After the bottom plug 255 reaches the landing collar 280, a diaphragm or other suitable device should rupture to allow the cement slurry 200 through the bottom plug 255. The bottom plug 255 is shown on the landing collar 280. In the illustration, a top plug 285 may be introduced into the wellbore 210 behind the cement slurry 200. The top plug 260 may separate the cement slurry 200 from a displacement fluid 265 and also push the cement slurry 200 through the bottom plug 255.

The following statements may describe certain embodiments of the disclosure but should be read to be limiting to any particular embodiment.

Statement 1. A method of designing a cement slurry comprising: (a) selecting at least a cement and concentration thereof, water and concentration thereof, and, optionally, at least one supplementary cementitious material and a concentration thereof, such that a cement slurry comprising the cement, the water, and, if present, the at least one supplementary cementitious material, meet a density requirement; (b) calculating a thickening time of the cement slurry using a thickening time model; (c) comparing the thickening time of the cement slurry to a thickening time requirement, wherein steps (a)-(c) are repeated if the thickening time of the cement slurry does not meet or exceed the thickening time requirement, wherein each repeated step of selecting comprises selecting different concentrations and/or different chemical identities for the cement and/or the supplementary cementitious material than previously selected, or step (d) is performed if the thickening time of the cement slurry meets or exceeds the thickening time requirement; and (d) preparing the cement slurry.

Statement 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the cement is selected from the group consisting of Portland cements, pozzolana cements, gypsum cements, high alumina content cements, silica cements, and combinations thereof.

Statement 3. The method of any of statements 1-2 wherein the at least one supplementary cementitious material is selected from the group consisting of fly ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume, pozzolans, kiln dust, clays, and combinations thereof, and optionally, wherein the cement slurry further comprises at least one inert material.

Statement 4. The method of any of statements 1-3 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation:

${TT} = {T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}}}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water and blend are the mass fraction of the water and blend in the cement slurry, where blend is the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material, if present, xi is a mass fraction of component i in the blend, β_(i) is a reactivity of component i, and n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water.

Statement 5. The method of any of statements 1-3 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation:

${TT} = {{T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}\left( {\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}} \right)} + \left( {\sum\limits_{i}{\sum\limits_{j}{x_{i}x_{j}\beta_{ij}}}} \right) + \ldots}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water is the mass of the water, blend is the mass of the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material, if present, in the cement slurry, n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water, x_(i) is mass fraction of component i, x_(j) is mass fraction of component j, β_(i) is a model parameter which characterizes reactivity of component i, and β_(ij) is a model parameter which characterizes interaction between component i and j.

Statement 6. The method of any of statements 1-3 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation:

${TT} = {T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}e^{\sum_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}}}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water is the mass fraction of the water, blend is the mass fraction of the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material, if present, in the cement slurry, xi is a mass fraction of component i in the cement slurry, β_(i) is a model parameter which characterizes reactivity of component i, and n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water.

Statement 7. A method comprising: preparing a slurry comprising a cement, water, and a supplementary cementitious material; measuring a thickening time of the slurry; and calculating a reactivity (β_(i)) for the supplementary cementitious material using a thickening time model.

Statement 8. The method of statement 7 wherein the cement is selected from the group consisting of Portland cements, pozzolana cements, gypsum cements, high alumina content cements, silica cements, and combinations thereof.

Statement 9. The method of any of statements 7-8 wherein the supplementary cementitious material is selected from the group consisting of fly ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume, pozzolans, kiln dust, clays, and combinations thereof and optionally, wherein the cement slurry further comprises at least one inert material.

Statement 10. The method of any of statements 7-8 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation:

${TT} = {T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}}}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water and blend are the mass fraction of the water and blend in the cement slurry, where blend is the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material xi is a mass fraction of component i in the blend, β_(i) is a reactivity of component i, and n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water.

Statement 11. The method of any of statements 7-8 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation:

${TT} = {{T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}\left( {\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}} \right)} + \left( {\sum\limits_{i}{\sum\limits_{j}{x_{i}x_{j}\beta_{ij}}}} \right) + \ldots}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water is the mass of the water, blend is the mass of the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material in the cement slurry, n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water, x_(i) is mass fraction of component i, x_(j) is mass fraction of component j, β_(i) is a model parameter which characterizes reactivity of component i, and β_(ij) is a model parameter which characterizes interaction between component i and j.

Statement 12. The method of any of statements 7-8 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation:

${TT} = {T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}e^{\sum_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}}}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water is the mass fraction of the water, blend is the mass fraction of the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material in the cement slurry, xi is a mass fraction of component i in the cement slurry, β_(i) is a model parameter which characterizes reactivity of component i, and n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water.

Statement 13. The method of claim 7 further comprising: (a) selecting at least a cement and concentration thereof, water and concentration thereof, and, at least one supplementary cementitious material and a concentration thereof, such that a second cement slurry comprising the cement, the water, and, the at least one supplementary cementitious material, meet a density requirement; (b) calculating a thickening time of the second cement slurry using a thickening time model; (c) comparing the thickening time of the second cement slurry to a thickening time requirement, wherein steps (a)-(c) are repeated if the thickening time of the second cement slurry does not meet or exceed the thickening time requirement, wherein each repeated step of selecting comprises selecting different concentrations and/or different chemical identities for the cement and/or the supplementary cementitious material than previously selected, or step (d) is performed if the thickening time of the cement slurry meets or exceeds the thickening time requirement; and (d) preparing the second cement slurry.

Statement 14. The method of statement 13 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation:

${TT} = {T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}}}$ where TT is the thickening time,

TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water and blend are the mass fraction of the water and blend in the second cement slurry, where blend is the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material xi is a mass fraction of component i in the blend, β_(i) is a reactivity of component i, and n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water.

Statement 15. The method of statement 13 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation:

${TT} = {{T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}\left( {\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}} \right)} + \left( {\sum\limits_{i}{\sum\limits_{j}{x_{i}x_{j}\beta_{ij}}}} \right) + \ldots}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water is the mass of the water, blend is the mass of the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material in the second cement slurry, n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water, x_(i) is mass fraction of component i, x_(j) is mass fraction of component j, β_(i) is a model parameter which characterizes reactivity of component i, and β_(ij) is a model parameter which characterizes interaction between component i and j.

Statement 16. The method of statement 13 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation:

${TT} = {T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}e^{\sum_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}}}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water is the mass fraction of the water, blend is the mass fraction of the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material in the second cement slurry, xi is a mass fraction of component i in the second cement slurry, β_(i) is a model parameter which characterizes reactivity of component i, and n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water.

Statement 17. A method comprising: selecting, based at least in part on a thickening time model, a thickening time requirement and a density requirement, at least a cement and concentration thereof, a water and concentration thereof, and optionally, at least one supplementary cementitious material and concentration thereof, such that a slurry comprising the cement and concentration thereof, the water and concentration thereof, and, if present, the at least one supplementary cementitious material and concentration thereof, meets or exceeds the thickening time requirement; and preparing the cement slurry.

Statement 18. The method of statement 17 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation:

${TT} = {T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}}}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water and blend are the mass fraction of the water and blend in the cement slurry, where blend is the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material xi is a mass fraction of component i in the blend, β_(i) is a reactivity of component i, and n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water.

Statement 19. The method of statement 17 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation:

${TT} = {{T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}\left( {\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}} \right)} + \left( {\sum\limits_{i}{\sum\limits_{j}{x_{i}x_{j}\beta_{ij}}}} \right) + \ldots}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water is the mass of the water, blend is the mass of the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material in the cement slurry, n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water, x_(i) is mass fraction of component i, x_(j) is mass fraction of component j, β_(i) is a model parameter which characterizes reactivity of component i, and β_(ij) is a model parameter which characterizes interaction between component i and j.

Statement 20. The method of statement 17 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation:

${TT} = {T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}e^{\sum_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}}}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water is the mass fraction of the water, blend is the mass fraction of the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material in the cement slurry, xi is a mass fraction of component i in the cement slurry, β_(i) is a model parameter which characterizes reactivity of component i, and n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water.

Example

Cement slurries were prepared according to Table 1. The values in Table 1 are the mass fractions of each cement component in the slurry. Table 2 lists the β_(i) values for the supplementary cementitious materials as determined by the methods outlined above and using equation 9. Five slurries were prepared to 14 lb/gal (1,678 kg/m³) and tested for thickening time at a temperature of 200° F. (93.3° C.) in a pressurized consistometer in accordance with the procedure for determining cement thickening times set forth in API RP Practice 10B-2, Recommended Practice for Testing Well Cements, First Edition, July 2005. The predicted thickening time was calculated using equation 12.

TABLE 1 Cement Fly Natural Kiln Crystalline Measured Predicted Slurry Class G Class H Ash Glass Slag Dust Silica TT (mins) TT (mins) 1 0 0.6 0 0.4 0 0 0 89 113 2 0.85 0 0 0 0 0 0.15 121 110 3 0 0.25 0.35 0.4 0 0 0 131 153 4 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 368 373 5 0.25 0 0 0 0.25 0.5 0 34 30

TABLE 2 Material β_(i) Fly Ash 4.96 Cement Kiln Dust 1.69 Crystalline Silica 1.24 Hematite 2.24

The results of the thickening time test are shown in the parity plot in FIG. 3 . The parity plot shows a good fit for the measured thickening time to the predicted thickening time.

The disclosed cement compositions and associated methods may directly or indirectly affect any pumping systems, which representatively includes any conduits, pipelines, trucks, tubulars, and/or pipes which may be coupled to the pump and/or any pumping systems and may be used to fluidically convey the cement compositions downhole, any pumps, compressors, or motors (e.g., topside or downhole) used to drive the cement compositions into motion, any valves or related joints used to regulate the pressure or flow rate of the cement compositions, and any sensors (i.e., pressure, temperature, flow rate, etc.), gauges, and/or combinations thereof, and the like. The cement compositions may also directly or indirectly affect any mixing hoppers and retention pits and their assorted variations.

It should be understood that the compositions and methods are described in terms of “comprising,” “containing,” or “including” various components or steps, the compositions and methods can also “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various components and steps. Moreover, the indefinite articles “a” or “an,” as used in the claims, are defined herein to mean one or more than one of the elements that it introduces.

For the sake of brevity, only certain ranges are explicitly disclosed herein. However, ranges from any lower limit may be combined with any upper limit to recite a range not explicitly recited, as well as, ranges from any lower limit may be combined with any other lower limit to recite a range not explicitly recited, in the same way, ranges from any upper limit may be combined with any other upper limit to recite a range not explicitly recited. Additionally, whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number and any included range falling within the range are specifically disclosed. In particular, every range of values (of the form, “from about a to about b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a to b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a-b”) disclosed herein is to be understood to set forth every number and range encompassed within the broader range of values even if not explicitly recited. Thus, every point or individual value may serve as its own lower or upper limit combined with any other point or individual value or any other lower or upper limit, to recite a range not explicitly recited.

Therefore, the present disclosure is well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. The particular examples disclosed above are illustrative only, as the present disclosure may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Although individual examples are discussed, the disclosure covers all combinations of all those examples. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. Also, the terms in the claims have their plain, ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee. It is therefore evident that the particular illustrative examples disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. If there is any conflict in the usages of a word or term in this specification and one or more patent(s) or other documents that may be incorporated herein by reference, the definitions that are consistent with this specification should be adopted. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of designing a cement slurry comprising: (a) selecting at least a cement and concentration thereof, water and concentration thereof, and, optionally, at least one supplementary cementitious material and a concentration thereof, such that a cement slurry comprising the cement, the water, and, if present, the at least one supplementary cementitious material, meet a density requirement; (b) calculating a thickening time of the cement slurry using a thickening time model, wherein the thickening time model includes a model element of sensitivity to change in water amount in the cement slurry, wherein the model element of sensitivity to change in water amount in the cement slurry comprises an exponential term, a power law term, and/or a polynomial term relating the effect of water content of the cement slurry to thickening time; (c) comparing the thickening time of the cement slurry to a thickening time requirement, wherein steps (a)-(c) are repeated if the thickening time of the cement slurry does not meet or exceed the thickening time requirement, wherein each repeated step of selecting comprises selecting different concentrations and/or different chemical identities for the cement and/or the supplementary cementitious material than previously selected, or step (d) is performed if the thickening time of the cement slurry meets or exceeds the thickening time requirement; and (d) preparing the cement slurry.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the cement is selected from the group consisting of Portland cements, pozzolana cements, gypsum cements, high alumina content cements, silica cements, and combinations thereof.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one supplementary cementitious material is selected from the group consisting of fly ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume, pozzolans, kiln dust, clays, and combinations thereof, and optionally, wherein the cement slurry further comprises at least one inert material.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation: ${TT} = {{{TT}_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}}}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water and blend are the mass fraction of the water and blend in the cement slurry, where blend is the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material, if present, xi is a mass fraction of component i in the blend, β_(i) is a reactivity of component i, and n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water amount.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation: ${TT} = {{T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}\left( {\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}} \right)} + \left( {\sum\limits_{i}{\sum\limits_{j}{x_{i}x_{j}\beta_{ij}}}} \right) + \ldots}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water is the mass of the water, blend is the mass of the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material, if present, in the cement slurry, n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water amount, x_(i) is mass fraction of component i, x_(i) is mass fraction of component j, β_(i) is a model parameter which characterizes reactivity of component i, and β_(ij) is a model parameter which characterizes interaction between component i and j.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation: ${TT} = {T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}e^{\sum_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}}}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water is the mass fraction of the water, blend is the mass fraction of the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material, if present, in the cement slurry, xi is a mass fraction of component i in the cement slurry, β_(i) is a model parameter which characterizes reactivity of component i, and n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water amount.
 7. A method comprising: preparing a slurry comprising a cement, water, and a supplementary cementitious material; measuring a thickening time of the slurry; providing a thickening time model, wherein the thickening time model includes a model element of sensitivity to change in water amount in the cement slurry, wherein the model element of sensitivity to change in water amount in the cement slurry comprises an exponential term, a power law term, and/or a polynomial term relating the effect of water content of the cement slurry to thickening time; and calculating a reactivity (β_(i)) for the supplementary cementitious material using a thickening time model.
 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the cement is selected from the group consisting of Portland cements, pozzolana cements, gypsum cements, high alumina content cements, silica cements, and combinations thereof.
 9. The method of claim 7 wherein the supplementary cementitious material is selected from the group consisting of fly ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume, pozzolans, kiln dust, clays, and combinations thereof and optionally, wherein the cement slurry further comprises at least one inert material.
 10. The method of claim 7 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation: ${TT} = {T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}}}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water and blend are the mass fraction of the water and blend in the cement slurry, where blend is the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material xi is a mass fraction of component i in the blend, β_(i) is a reactivity of component i, and n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water amount.
 11. The method of claim 7 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation: ${TT} = {{T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}\left( {\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}} \right)} + \left( {\sum\limits_{i}{\sum\limits_{j}{x_{i}x_{j}\beta_{ij}}}} \right) + \ldots}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water is the mass of the water, blend is the mass of the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material in the cement slurry, n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in a water amount, x_(i) is mass fraction of component i, x_(j) is mass fraction of component j, β_(i) is a model parameter which characterizes reactivity of component i, and β_(ij) is a model parameter which characterizes interaction between component i and j.
 12. The method of claim 7 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation: ${TT} = {T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}e^{\sum_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}}}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water is the mass fraction of the water, blend is the mass fraction of the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material in the cement slurry, xi is a mass fraction of component i in the cement slurry, β_(i) is a model parameter which characterizes reactivity of component i, and n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water amount.
 13. The method of claim 7 further comprising: (a) selecting at least a cement and concentration thereof, water and concentration thereof, and, at least one supplementary cementitious material and a concentration thereof, such that a second cement slurry comprising the cement, the water, and, the at least one supplementary cementitious material, meet a density requirement; (b) calculating a thickening time of the second cement slurry using the thickening time model; (c) comparing the thickening time of the second cement slurry to a thickening time requirement, wherein steps (a)-(c) are repeated if the thickening time of the second cement slurry does not meet or exceed the thickening time requirement, wherein each repeated step of selecting comprises selecting different concentrations and/or different chemical identities for the cement and/or the supplementary cementitious material than previously selected, or step (d) is performed if the thickening time of the cement slurry meets or exceeds the thickening time requirement; and (d) preparing the second cement slurry.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation: ${TT} = {T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}}}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water and blend are the mass fraction of the water and blend in the second cement slurry, where blend is the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material xi is a mass fraction of component i in the blend, β_(i) is a reactivity of component i, and n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water amount.
 15. The method of claim 13 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation: ${TT} = {{T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}\left( {\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}} \right)} + \left( {\sum\limits_{i}{\sum\limits_{j}{x_{i}x_{j}\beta_{ij}}}} \right) + \ldots}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water is the mass of the water, blend is the mass of the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material in the second cement slurry, n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water amount, x_(i) is mass fraction of component i, x_(j) is mass fraction of component j, β_(i) is a model parameter which characterizes reactivity of component i, and β_(ij) is a model parameter which characterizes interaction between component i and j.
 16. The method of claim 13 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation: ${TT} = {T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}e^{\sum_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}}}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water is the mass fraction of the water, blend is the mass fraction of the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material in the second cement slurry, xi is a mass fraction of component i in the second cement slurry, β_(i) is a model parameter which characterizes reactivity of component i, and n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water amount.
 17. A method comprising: providing a thickening time model, wherein the thickening time model includes a model element of sensitivity to change in water amount in the cement slurry, wherein the model element of sensitivity to change in water amount in the cement slurry comprises an exponential term, a power law term, and/or a polynomial term relating the effect of water content of the cement slurry to thickening time; selecting, based at least in part on the thickening time model, a thickening time requirement and a density requirement, at least a cement and concentration thereof, a water and concentration thereof, and optionally, at least one supplementary cementitious material and concentration thereof, such that a slurry comprising the cement and concentration thereof, the water and concentration thereof, and, if present, the at least one supplementary cementitious material and concentration thereof, meets or exceeds the thickening time requirement; and preparing the cement slurry.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation: ${TT} = {T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}{\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}}}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water and blend are the mass fraction of the water and blend in the cement slurry, where blend is the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material xi is a mass fraction of component i in the blend, β_(i) is a reactivity of component i, and n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water amount.
 19. The method of claim 17 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation: ${TT} = {{T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}\left( {\sum\limits_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}} \right)} + \left( {\sum\limits_{i}{\sum\limits_{j}{x_{i}x_{j}\beta_{ij}}}} \right) + \ldots}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water is the mass of the water, blend is the mass of the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material in the cement slurry, n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in a water amount, x_(i) is mass fraction of component i, x_(j) is mass fraction of component j, β_(i) is a model parameter which characterizes reactivity of component i, and β_(ij) is a model parameter which characterizes interaction between component i and j.
 20. The method of claim 17 wherein the thickening time model comprises the following equation: ${TT} = {T{T_{0}\left( \frac{water}{blend} \right)}^{n}e^{\sum_{i}{x_{i}\beta_{i}}}}$ where TT is the thickening time, TT₀ is characteristic thickening time at a reference temperature, water is the mass fraction of the water, blend is the mass fraction of the cement and the at least one supplementary cementitious material in the cement slurry, xi is a mass fraction of component i in the cement slurry, β_(i) is a model parameter which characterizes reactivity of component i, and n is a measurement of sensitivity to change in water amount. 